Holding Opposites

Do I contradict myself? Very well then I contradict myself (I am large, I contain multitudes).

-Walt Whitman

War/peace, happy/sad, hard/soft- these polarities are often held in opposition by the dualistic mind. The dualistic mind sorts experiences into good or bad, positive or negative, pleasant or unpleasant, desirable or undesirable, etc. Sometimes, phenomena are either/or; something is either fast or slow, heavy or light, bounded or limitless. And sometimes they are both true in the same instant.

Last winter, I held retreats outdoors. We explored dualities. Even now as you sit reading this, you may experience cold and heat, some parts may be warm, others cool, some dry, others moist. Some muscles may be contracted, others relaxed. There may be areas of comfort and of discomfort. One can experience both heaviness (as pressure) or lightness. You can easily experience this now for yourself.

Similarly, you may experience antipodal moods or emotional states simultaneously. In meditation, awareness can be stable enough to allow us to see how unstable the mind is. We can get curious and investigate an arising boredom. We can feel disquiet yet find comfort in allowing it just to be. We can take refuge within even when powerful emotional storms hit hard.

In Chinese philosophy, Yin and Yang represent opposing forces that are interdependent and interconnected. Yin represents darkness, femininity, and passivity, while Yang represents light, masculinity, and activity. Despite their contrasting qualities, they exist in harmony and cannot exist without each other. This paradoxical concept suggests that opposites can coexist and complement each other.

This first principle can be applied to many fields of inquiry. Internal Family Systems is premised on this allowance of opposites. At this moment, there may be competing "parts" vying for attention. One part may be curious, another may be bored, and still another ambivalent. One part may feel slightly apprehensive and there may be another part that sits securely observing the transient nature of all phenomena. One can feel frightened, yet confront their fear with a degree of fearlessness. All of these can arise and co-exist in this moment.

The non-dualistic mind embraces paradox and can hold two or more opposing truths simultaneously. Many contemplatives sit comfortably in circles of ambiguity, contradiction, and paradox.

The Blue Cliff Record is a collection of Chan Buddhist koans and commentaries compiled in China in 1125. Koans are puzzles of paradox. Meanings cannot be grasped with the grasping mind. The records are labyrinthine. Logic gets lost in its own cleverness and devices. Reason goes round and round in circles: wisdom masked as foolishness masked as wisdom masked as foolishness. As soon as a monk thinks he understands, he's slapped. Unenlightened masters are ridiculed. As soon as monks think they've found the way out, they fall back in.

The Tao Te Ching, by Lao-Tzu, embraces opposites, and the power of the prose lies in grasping what cannot be grasped with words.

When everyone in the world sees beauty, then ugly exists. [Chapter 2] What should be weakened must first be strengthened. [Chapter 36] Misery is what happiness rests upon. Happiness is what misery lurks beneath. [Chapter 56]

I know the value of non-action.

Teaching without words and work without doing Are understood by very few. [Chapter 43]

The Tao also holds paradoxes without sorting into either/or: The most fundamental seems fickle. [Chapter 41] Sometimes gain comes from losing, and sometimes loss comes from gaining. [Chapter 42]

“Water is fluid, soft, and yielding. But water will wear away rock, which is rigid and cannot yield. As a rule, whatever is fluid, soft, and yielding will overcome whatever is rigid and hard. This is another paradox: what is soft is strong.”

The Tao stresses the Importance of nothingness or emptiness.

Thirty spokes are joined in the wheel’s hub. The hole in the middle makes it useful. [Chapter 11]

Mold clay into a bowl. The empty space makes it useful. [Chapter 11] Cut out doors and windows for the house. The holes make it useful. [Chapter 11] The value comes from what is there, but the use comes from what is not there. [Chapter 11]

The mind is like this. The ability to empty the mind enough to allow and to embrace what is without judging or labelling or fitting whatever arises into this or that box is key to transcending the mind's tendency to limit complexity and categorize phenomena into tidy taxonomies of good or bad, craving or aversion, positive or negative, etc.

There is power in leveraging this paradox principle. Learning to be comfortable in discomfort, facing fears courageously, turning tragedies into triumphs, putting the body and mind under stress to mitigate stress, or leveraging failure to succeed are practical applications of this principle. These paradoxes are givens in contemplative circles: e.g. change is the one constant; our perceived realities are illusions; those who pursue happiness are often miserable, and the path to pleasure often leads to sorrow.

Consider leveraging this principle in your physical training regimen. Exercise is a stressor that relieves stress. To train balance, we throw ourselves off-balance. Cold baths trigger a sympathetic "stress" response. With intention, we can dial up the parasympathetic system, calming body and mind, remaining comfortable in discomfort, finding heat while immersed in cold.

Consider adding this module to your meditation practice. If you feel heat, find coolness; if you feel busyness, find centeredness; if you feel tension, find softness. This skill can be generalized. Your anxiety may be your path to peace. Your insecurities can be the fuel for your successes. Your brokenness may be the way to wholeness; your weaknesses may be alchemized to strength. Learning to embrace all that is- the darkness, the fear, the suffering- promotes an openness that also allows in more light and equanimity and peace with life as it unfolds moment by moment.

We can go deeper with this. As we settle into the present moment, we realize that the timeless now is the only time there ever is. We move as if through time, but there is only ever this moment. And as thought forms dissolve, the seeming self catches glimpses of no-Self. As we grow in wisdom, we realize just how foolish we are. The greatest desire is to be without desire. And we often find peace when we stop chasing after it.

Consider adding this attitude of equanimity to your spiritual walk with All-That-Is: "Shall we indeed accept only good from the hand of God and not also accept adversity and disaster?” (Job 2:10) As we grow, we reject what the world values and value what the world rejects. What the world deems important is rightly regarded as unimportant. Want to live life more fully? Meditate daily on death.

There is power in understanding this paradox principle. C.J. Jung coined the term "shadow" to describe aspects of the personality that remain in the dark of the unconscious. These are aspects of the self that are repressed or perhaps even denied. It could be our brokenness, our fear, our anger, our shame, our sadness. Wholeness comes when we finally integrate our shadows.

"The disunited mind is far from wise."

-Bhagavad Gita

I teach meditation. The expectation is that I live mindfully, am compassionate, gentle. I am those things. But I also have a beautiful temper that I do not conceal from others. When anger arises, I don't suppress it. I let it express. We can be compassionate and fierce at the same time. Love can hold fury.

Often cowardice masks as morality. If I'm afraid to challenge injustice or stand up to a bully, I can hide behind a facade of saintliness. Better to embrace one's cowardice, feel the fear, and stand up anyway. Courage is not the absence of fear, but its transcendence.

I was a boxer and a soldier. I am a man of peace trained in the art of war. I can destroy and kill and maim, but I choose compassion and respect. This is a truer morality. We have the strength and power and skill to hurt others, but we choose a life of love and peace.

Today, I coach boxing. I teach youth how to stand up to fear, how to channel anger and aggression, how to alchemize suffering into resilience, how to control violent impulses. We shadowbox our shadows. We wage war with what is false within ourselves to be more authentically human. We destroy all that is illusory... and there can never be too much destruction.

In Zen Mind, Beginner's Mind, Zen monk Shunryu Suzuki wrote: “Kill the Buddha if the Buddha exists somewhere else. Kill the Buddha, because you should resume your own Buddha nature.” The spiritual warrior is ruthless- our most sacred idols are cast into the fire! All impurities are melted in the forge of suffering; the dross is discarded.

A steel sword must be purified and hammered over and again.

The Prince of Peace said: "Do not think I have come to bring peace... I have not come to bring peace, but a sword." Take the sword and behead your sacred cows and golden calves for the end draws near.

As a boy, I was taught the soul would either ascend to heaven or descend to hell. But the 17th Century poet John Milton put it this way: “The mind is its own place and, in itself can make a heaven of hell or a hell of heaven.”

I find my mind returning to the words of Milton often. The mind constructs its own reality. Perceptual data is filtered, gated through different brain structures and routed this way or that following neural pathways that "wire" in ways we do not fully understand. The brain renders a reality augmented by hidden assumptions, prejudices, biases, heuristics, and constructs which few investigate and which we cannot quite measure.

The brain co-creates reality. Attention is selective. Emotions are refractory. I see what I expect to see. Sensations and emotions color what the brain renders with feeling such that our perceptions "feel" true. And the mind's tendency to process information by looking for, or interpreting, information that is consistent with existing beliefs- called confirmation bias- reinforces distortion.

Ours is a social brain. The brain co-constructs shared meaning and authors a reality largely conditioned by others. This "reality" is self-reinforcing. Collectively, we create heaven and hell on Earth.

The brain is predictive. There is a degree of safety and comfort in predictability. Whether I create hellish realms or peaceful ones for myself or others, there is power in authorship. To quote Henry Ford, "Think you can, think you can't; either way you'll be right."

If I think I can't, if I think my life sucks, if I think I am worthless, the mind will filter out evidence that contradicts my assumed beliefs and attach to those which validate them. Emotions are refractory. Our perceptual filters narrow our focus and attention to that which conforms with the emotion. Psychologist Paul Ekman explains it this way: "During a refractory state, we evaluate what is happening in a way that is consistent with the emotion we are feeling, thus justifying and maintaining the emotion."

In the space of one breath, there is an arising, a thought, sensations, an emotion, a tone, a mood, a color, a voice, a narrator. With training, we can observe and objectify the arisings. We can give our experiences a color, a name- localizing them, giving them form, a weight, a shape, a texture. We can record the internal dialogue so that when it again arises (and these patterns tend to be repetitive), we can observe objectively. Eventually, the chatter, the emotions, the sensations, and all ephemeral phenomena return to the void from whence they came.

What sits beyond all of it- the stories, the seeming suchness of ego, the little self we imagine ourselves to be? What is that which gives light to the mind and movement to thought? That suchness cannot be imagined, created or grasped. Those who abide in no-mind get a taste of heaven.

Heaven is not up there; hell is not down here. Countless heavens and hells co-exist on Earth. A lakeside mountain cabin might be heaven for one, hell for another struggling with loneliness, self-hatred, or depression. Some journey through hell to reach heaven; others enjoy heavenly blessings only to descend into hellish addictions or psychoses. A refugee camp might be a hell for one. In the midst of suffering, one might find true compassion and love and strength or other heavenly virtues. And many who seek to create Heaven on Earth co-create Hell. Indeed, the road to hell is often paved with good intentions- and many murderous regimens begin with the purest and most noble ideals.

This can be a cruel world where the innocent are slaughtered, the guileless are deceived, and the pure of heart are corrupted. But this is also where the lost are found, where sinners are forgiven, and where the meek find strength. In a Paradise Built in Hell: The Extraordinary Communities That Arise in Disaster, Rebecca Solnit documents "the moments of altruism, resourcefulness, and generosity that arise amid disaster's grief and disruption and considers their implications for everyday life."

Who can say whether suffering is absolutely bad and pleasure or comfort absolutely good? The mind finds it difficult to accept paradox and complexity. Perhaps order needs disorder as darkness needs light, as heaven needs hell. Perhaps there is no duality except in the mind.

Archbishop Desmond Tutu, a Christian, and the Dalai Lama, a Tibetan Buddhist, would tease one another about who was going to heaven. At one point, the Dalai Lama said, “You know, I’ve decided. I don’t want to go to heaven. I want to go to hell. There are more people who I can help.” The Buddhist's response was compassionate and Christ-like. His words were also less metaphysical and more experiential.

The Dalai Lama was revered as the embodiment of Avalokiteshvara, a compassionate and enlightened being. He lived peacefully in a palace in Lhasa, a remote Shangri-La in the Himalayas until the Chinese invaded Tibet in 1959.

In 2009, the Dalai Lama accused the Chinese Communist Government of subjecting the Tibetan people to "hell on earth."

Consistent with his beliefs in reincarnation, what if he did indeed choose to reincarnate to bring some light into this hellish realm. "And who knows whether you have attained royalty for such a time as this." (Esther 4:14) He extended loving kindness unto his enemies as Christ had enjoined his disciples 2,000 years ago: "Love your enemies, bless them that curse you, do good to them that hate you, and pray for them which despitefully use you, and persecute you." (Matthew 5:44)

Before the invasion, Tibetans trained their minds for suffering in the abstract. The first of the Noble Truths is that life is suffering. Many Tibetans, including the Dalai Lama, decried the suffering inflicted by the Chinese, but also recognized the opportunity to strengthen their practice and to disseminate these principles around the world. It is easy to practice loving kindness meditation on a comfortable cushion in a quiet meditation hall with a full belly. It is much more difficult to practice compassion with a mean-spirited guard who delights in torturing monks.

The Dalai Lama recounted this experience:

After I escaped from Tibet, Lopon-la was put in prison by the Chinese. He stayed there eighteen years. When he was finally freed, he came to India. For twenty years, I did not see him. But he seemed the same. Of course, he looked older. But physically, he was OK. His mind was still sharp after so many years in prison. He was still same gentle monk.

He told me the Chinese forced him to denounce his religion. They tortured him many times in prison. I asked him whether he was ever afraid. Lopon-la then told me: "Yes there was one thing I was afraid of. I was afraid I might lose compassion for the Chinese."

I was very moved by this, and also very inspired.

Forgiveness helped him in prison. Because of forgiveness, his bad experience with the Chinese did not get worse. Mentally and emotionally, he didn't suffer too much. He knew he could not escape. So, better to accept reality than to be traumatized by it.

“The mind is its own place and, in itself can make a heaven of hell or a hell of heaven.”

There are hellish mental states: anger is like a fiery realm where there is "gnashing of teeth." (Luke 13:28) Fear is like a "walk through the valley of the shadow of death." (Psalm 23:4) Depression is like a void, an emptiness. These dark emotions are like demons that torture and afflict the mind. And love, compassion, and similar virtues bring light to the darkest recesses of mind. "The light shineth in darkness..." (John 1:5). We cultivate qualities of light and darkness, virtues and vices. Indeed, those who sow thistles will bring forth thistles, and the good seed will bring forth good fruit.

“The mind is its own place and, in itself can make a heaven of hell or a hell of heaven.”

Jesus affirmed that the kingdom of heaven was within. Love was the gateway to this kingdom. In a lengthy, but well-reasoned essay (which I close with), the Dalai Lama expressed it this way:

From the moment of birth, every human being wants happiness and does not want suffering. Neither social conditioning nor education nor ideology affect this. From the very core of our being, we simply desire contentment. I don't know whether the universe, with its countless galaxies, stars and planets, has a deeper meaning or not, but at the very least, it is clear that we humans who live on this earth face the task of making a happy life for ourselves. Therefore, it is important to discover what will bring about the greatest degree of happiness.

How to achieve happiness For a start, it is possible to divide every kind of happiness and suffering into two main categories: mental and physical. Of the two, it is the mind that exerts the greatest influence on most of us. Unless we are either gravely ill or deprived of basic necessities, our physical condition plays a secondary role in life. If the body is content, we virtually ignore it. The mind, however, registers every event, no matter how small. Hence we should devote our most serious efforts to bringing about mental peace. From my own limited experience I have found that the greatest degree of inner tranquility comes from the development of love and compassion. The more we care for the happiness of others, the greater our own sense of well-being becomes. Cultivating a close, warm-hearted feeling for others automatically puts the mind at ease. This helps remove whatever fears or insecurities we may have and gives us the strength to cope with any obstacles we encounter. It is the ultimate source of success in life. As long as we live in this world we are bound to encounter problems. If, at such times, we lose hope and become discouraged, we diminish our ability to face difficulties. If, on the other hand, we remember that it is not just ourselves but every one who has to undergo suffering, this more realistic perspective will increase our determination and capacity to overcome troubles. Indeed, with this attitude, each new obstacle can be seen as yet another valuable opportunity to improve our mind! Thus we can strive gradually to become more compassionate, that is we can develop both genuine sympathy for others' suffering and the will to help remove their pain. As a result, our own serenity and inner strength will increase. Our need for love Ultimately, the reason why love and compassion bring the greatest happiness is simply that our nature cherishes them above all else. The need for love lies at the very foundation of human existence. It results from the profound interdependence we all share with one another. However capable and skillful an individual may be, left alone, he or she will not survive. However vigorous and independent one may feel during the most prosperous periods of life, when one is sick or very young or very old, one must depend on the support of others.

Inter-dependence, of course, is a fundamental law of nature. Not only higher forms of life but also many of the smallest insects are social beings who, without any religion, law or education, survive by mutual cooperation based on an innate recognition of their interconnectedness. The most subtle level of material phenomena is also governed by interdependence. All phenomena from the planet we inhabit to the oceans, clouds, forests and flowers that surround us, arise in dependence upon subtle patterns of energy. Without their proper interaction, they dissolve and decay.

It is because our own human existence is so dependent on the help of others that our need for love lies at the very foundation of our existence. Therefore we need a genuine sense of responsibility and a sincere concern for the welfare of others.

We have to consider what we human beings really are. We are not like machine-made objects. If we are merely mechanical entities, then machines themselves could alleviate all of our sufferings and fulfill our needs.

However, since we are not solely material creatures, it is a mistake to place all our hopes for happiness on external development alone. Instead, we should consider our origins and nature to discover what we require.

Leaving aside the complex question of the creation and evolution of our universe, we can at least agree that each of us is the product of our own parents. In general, our conception took place not just in the context of sexual desire but from our parents' decision to have a child. Such decisions are founded on responsibility and altruism - the parents compassionate commitment to care of their child until it is able to take care of itself. Thus, from the very moment of our conception, our parents' love is directly in our creation.

Moreover, we are completely dependent upon our mothers' care from the earliest stages of our growth. According to some scientists, a pregnant woman's mental state, be it calm or agitated, has a direct physical effect on her unborn child.

The expression of love is also very important at the time of birth. Since the very first thing we do is suck milk from our mothers' breast, we naturally feel close to her, and she must feel love for us in order to feed us properly; if she feels anger or resentment her milk may not flow freely.

Then there is the critical period of brain development from the time of birth up to at least the age of three or four, during which time loving physical contact is the single most important factor for the normal growth of the child. If the child is not held, hugged, cuddled, or loved, its development will be impaired and its brain will not mature properly.

Since a child cannot survive without the care of others, love is its most important nourishment. The happiness of childhood, the allaying of the child's many fears and the healthy development of its self-confidence all depend directly upon love.

Nowadays, many children grow up in unhappy homes. If they do not receive proper affection, in later life they will rarely love their parents and, not infrequently, will find it hard to love others. This is very sad.

As children grow older and enter school, their need for support must be met by their teachers. If a teacher not only imparts academic education but also assumes responsibility for preparing students for life, his or her pupils will feel trust and respect and what has been taught will leave an indelible impression on their minds. On the other hand, subjects taught by a teacher who does not show true concern for his or her students' overall well-being will be regarded as temporary and not retained for long.

Similarly, if one is sick and being treated in hospital by a doctor who evinces a warm human feeling, one feels at ease and the doctors' desire to give the best possible care is itself curative, irrespective of the degree of his or her technical skill. On the other hand, if one's doctor lacks human feeling and displays an unfriendly expression, impatience or casual disregard, one will feel anxious, even if he or she is the most highly qualified doctor and the disease has been correctly diagnosed and the right medication prescribed. Inevitably, patients' feelings make a difference to the quality and completeness of their recovery.

Even when we engage in ordinary conversation in everyday life, if someone speaks with human feeling we enjoy listening, and respond accordingly; the whole conversation becomes interesting, however unimportant the topic may be. On the other hand, if a person speaks coldly or harshly, we feel uneasy and wish for a quick end to the interaction. From the least to the most important event, the affection and respect of others are vital for our happiness.

Recently I met a group of scientists in America who said that the rate of mental illness in their country was quite high-around twelve percent of the population. It became clear during our discussion that the main cause of depression was not a lack of material necessities but a deprivation of the affection of the others.

So, as you can see from everything I have written so far, one thing seems clear to me: whether or not we are consciously aware of it, from the day we are born, the need for human affection is in our very blood. Even if the affection comes from an animal or someone we would normally consider an enemy, both children and adults will naturally gravitate towards it.

I believe that no one is born free from the need for love. And this demonstrates that, although some modern schools of thought seek to do so, human beings cannot be defined as solely physical. No material object, however beautiful or valuable, can make us feel loved, because our deeper identity and true character lie in the subjective nature of the mind.

Developing compassion

Some of my friends have told me that, while love and compassion are marvelous and good, they are not really very relevant. Our world, they say, is not a place where such beliefs have much influence or power. They claim that anger and hatred are so much a part of human nature that humanity will always be dominated by them. I do not agree.

We humans have existed in our present form for about a hundred-thousand years. I believe that if during this time the human mind had been primarily controlled by anger and hatred, our overall population would have decreased. But today, despite all our wars, we find that the human population is greater than ever. This clearly indicates to me that love and compassion predominate in the world. And this is why unpleasant events are news, compassionate activities are so much part of daily life that they are taken for granted and, therefore, largely ignored.

So far I have been discussing mainly the mental benefits of compassion, but it contributes to good physical health as well, According to my personal experience, mental stability and physical well-being are directly related. Without question, anger and agitation make us more susceptible to illness. On the other hand, if the mind is tranquil and occupied with positive thoughts, the body will not easily fall prey to disease.

But of course it is also true that we all have an innate self-centeredness that inhibits our love for others. So, since we desire the true happiness that is brought about by only a calm mind, and since such peace of mind is brought about by only a compassionate attitude, how can we develop this? Obviously, it is not enough for us simply to think about how nice compassion is! We need to make a concerted effort to develop it; we must use all the events of our daily life to transform our thoughts and behavior.

First of all, we must be clear about what we mean by compassion. Many forms of compassionate feeling are mixed with desire and attachment. For instance, the love parents feel of their child is often strongly associated with their own emotional needs, so it is not fully compassionate. Again, in marriage, the love between husband and wife - particularly at the beginning, when each partner still may not know the other's deeper character very well - depends more on attachment than genuine love. Our desire can be so strong that the person to whom we are attached appears to be good, when in fact he or she is very negative. In addition, we have a tendency to exaggerate small positive qualities. Thus when one partner's attitude changes, the other partner is often disappointed and his or her attitude changes too. This is an indication that love has been motivated more by personal need than by genuine care for the other individual.

True compassion is not just an emotional response but a firm commitment founded on reason. Therefore, a truly compassionate attitude towards others does not change even if they behave negatively.

Of course, developing this kind of compassion is not at all easy! As a start, let us consider the following facts:

Whether people are beautiful and friendly or unattractive and disruptive, ultimately they are human beings, just like oneself. Like oneself, they want happiness and do not want suffering. Furthermore, their right to overcome suffering and be happy is equal to one's own. Now, when you recognize that all beings are equal in both their desire for happiness and their right to obtain it, you automatically feel empathy and closeness for them. Through accustoming your mind to this sense of universal altruism, you develop a feeling of responsibility for others: the wish to help them actively overcome their problems. Nor is this wish selective; it applies equally to all. As long as they are human beings experiencing pleasure and pain just as you do, there is no logical basis to discriminate between them or to alter your concern for them if they behave negatively.

Let me emphasize that it is within your power, given patience and time, to develop this kind of compassion. Of course, our self-centeredness, our distinctive attachment to the feeling of an independent, self-existent �I�, works fundamentally to inhibit our compassion. Indeed, true compassion can be experienced only when this type of self- grasping is eliminated. But this does not mean that we cannot start and make progress now.

How can we start

We should begin by removing the greatest hindrances to compassion: anger and hatred. As we all know, these are extremely powerful emotions and they can overwhelm our entire mind. Nevertheless, they can be controlled. If, however, they are not, these negative emotions will plague us - with no extra effort on their part! - and impede our quest for the happiness of a loving mind.

So as a start, it is useful to investigate whether or not anger is of value. Sometimes, when we are discouraged by a difficult situation, anger does seem helpful, appearing to bring with it more energy, confidence and determination.

Here, though, we must examine our mental state carefully. While it is true that anger brings extra energy, if we explore the nature of this energy, we discover that it is blind: we cannot be sure whether its result will be positive or negative. This is because anger eclipses the best part of our brain: its rationality. So the energy of anger is almost always unreliable. It can cause an immense amount of destructive, unfortunate behavior. Moreover, if anger increases to the extreme, one becomes like a mad person, acting in ways that are as damaging to oneself as they are to others.

It is possible, however, to develop an equally forceful but far more controlled energy with which to handle difficult situations.

This controlled energy comes not only from a compassionate attitude, but also from reason and patience. These are the most powerful antidotes to anger. Unfortunately, many people misjudge these qualities as signs of weakness. I believe the opposite to be true: that they are the true signs of inner strength. Compassion is by nature gentle, peaceful and soft, but it is very powerful. It is those who easily lose their patience who are insecure and unstable. Thus, to me, the arousal of anger is a direct sign of weakness.

So, when a problem first arises, try to remain humble and maintain a sincere attitude and be concerned that the outcome is fair. Of course, others may try to take advantage of you, and if your remaining detached only encourages unjust aggression, adopt a strong stand, This, however, should be done with compassion, and if it is necessary to express your views and take strong countermeasures, do so without anger or ill-intent.

You should realize that even though your opponents appear to be harming you, in the end, their destructive activity will damage only themselves. In order to check your own selfish impulse to retaliate, you should recall your desire to practice compassion and assume responsibility for helping prevent the other person from suffering the consequences of his or her acts.

Thus, because the measures you employ have been calmly chosen, they will be more effective, more accurate and more forceful. Retaliation based on the blind energy of anger seldom hits the target.

Friends and enemies

I must emphasize again that merely thinking that compassion and reason and patience are good will not be enough to develop them. We must wait for difficulties to arise and then attempt to practice them.

And who creates such opportunities? Not our friends, of course, but our enemies. They are the ones who give us the most trouble, So if we truly wish to learn, we should consider enemies to be our best teacher!

For a person who cherishes compassion and love, the practice of tolerance is essential, and for that, an enemy is indispensable. So we should feel grateful to our enemies, for it is they who can best help us develop a tranquil mind! Also, itis often the case in both personal and public life, that with a change in circumstances, enemies become friends.

So anger and hatred are always harmful, and unless we train our minds and work to reduce their negative force, they will continue to disturb us and disrupt our attempts to develop a calm mind. Anger and hatred are our real enemies. These are the forces we most need to confront and defeat, not the temporary enemies who appear intermittently throughout life.

Of course, it is natural and right that we all want friends. I often joke that if you really want to be selfish, you should be very altruistic! You should take good care of others, be concerned for their welfare, help them, serve them, make more friends, make more smiles, The result? When you yourself need help, you find plenty of helpers! If, on the other hand, you neglect the happiness of others, in the long term you will be the loser. And is friendship produced through quarrels and anger, jealousy and intense competitiveness? I do not think so. Only affection brings us genuine close friends.

In today's materialistic society, if you have money and power, you seem to have many friends. But they are not friends of yours; they are the friends of your money and power. When you lose your wealth and influence, you will find it very difficult to track these people down.

The trouble is that when things in the world go well for us, we become confident that we can manage by ourselves and feel we do not need friends, but as our status and health decline, we quickly realize how wrong we were. That is the moment when we learn who is really helpful and who is completely useless. So to prepare for that moment, to make genuine friends who will help us when the need arises, we ourselves must cultivate altruism!

Though sometimes people laugh when I say it, I myself always want more friends. I love smiles. Because of this I have the problem of knowing how to make more friends and how to get more smiles, in particular, genuine smiles. For there are many kinds of smile, such as sarcastic, artificial or diplomatic smiles. Many smiles produce no feeling of satisfaction, and sometimes they can even create suspicion or fear, can't they? But a genuine smile really gives us a feeling of freshness and is, I believe, unique to human beings. If these are the smiles we want, then we ourselves must create the reasons for them to appear.

Compassion and the world

Individual happiness can contribute in a profound and effective way to the overall improvement of our entire human community.

Because we all share an identical need for love, it is possible to feel that anybody we meet, in whatever circumstances, is a brother or sister. No matter how new the face or how different the dress and behavior, there is no significant division between us and other people. It is foolish to dwell on external differences, because our basic natures are the same.

Ultimately, humanity is one and this small planet is our only home, If we are to protect this home of ours, each of us needs to experience a vivid sense of universal altruism. It is only this feeling that can remove the self-centered motives that cause people to deceive and misuse one another.

If you have a sincere and open heart, you naturally feel self- worth and confidence, and there is no need to be fearful of others.

I believe that at every level of society - familial, tribal, national and international - the key to a happier and more successful world is the growth of compassion. We do not need to become religious, nor do we need to believe in an ideology. All that is necessary is for each of us to develop our good human qualities.